Governing Physics: 1. Conservation of Mass (Continuity Equation): $\dot{m} = \rho Q = \rho A V = \text{constant}$ 2. Euler's Turbomachine Equation (Energy Transfer): $H_{th} = \frac{u_2 V_{u2} - u_1 V_{u1}}{g}$ Where $u$ = tangential velocity, $V_u$ = tangential component of absolute velocity 3. Bernoulli's Equation (Energy Conservation): $\frac{P_1}{\rho g} + \frac{V_1^2}{2g} + z_1 + H_{pump} = \frac{P_2}{\rho g} + \frac{V_2^2}{2g} + z_2 + h_f$ Working Principle Sequence: 1. Fluid enters impeller eye at low pressure 2. Rotating impeller (2900 RPM) accelerates fluid radially outward 3. Centrifugal force increases fluid velocity (typically 10-30 m/s) 4. Volute casing decelerates fluid, converting velocity to pressure 5. Diffuser action in volute increases static pressure by 40-60%
Comprehensive Chemical Engineering Apparatus Guide
Organized for Educational YouTube Tutorial Series
1. Fluid transport (foundation)
2. Heat transfer
3. Mass transfer & separation
4. Reaction engineering
5. Solids handling & mechanical operations
6. Instrumentation & control
7. Analytical instruments
8. Specialized / biochemical / environmental / advanced /
niche setups
Each section is designed as a standalone YouTube video (or
module) with clear progression: basics → common industrial types → advanced/lab
variants → safety & integration. You can film live demos, animations,
P&ID examples, and real-plant footage for each item.
### 1. Fluid Mechanics & Transport Equipment (Momentum
Transfer)
Video 1 focus: Pumps, compressors, valves, flow measurement,
and fluid dynamics rigs.
- Centrifugal pump (single-stage, multi-stage, submersible,
self-priming)
- Positive displacement pump (piston, diaphragm, gear, lobe,
screw, progressive cavity)
- Reciprocating pump (plunger, piston)
- Peristaltic pump
- Axial flow pump / Mixed flow pump
- Air-lift pump
- Hydraulic ram pump
- Multiphase pump
- Compressor (centrifugal, reciprocating, screw, rotary
vane, axial)
- Blower (centrifugal, roots, positive displacement)
- Turbine (steam,
gas, hydraulic: Pelton, Francis, Kaplan)
- Control valve (globe, ball, butterfly, diaphragm, plug,
gate, needle, pinch, knife-gate)
- Gate valve, check valve (swing, lift, dual plate), relief
valve, safety valve, pressure reducing valve, rupture disc / burst disc
- Pipes, fittings (elbows, tees, reducers, unions, flanges),
manifolds, expansion joints
- Strainer (Y-type, basket, temporary)
- Sight glass / Flow indicator / Inline viewing port
- Rotameter (variable area flow meter, purge meter)
- Orifice meter (concentric, eccentric, segmental)
- Venturi meter (classic, short form)
- Pitot tube / Pitot-static tube
- Magnetic flow meter (mag meter)
- Ultrasonic flow meter (Doppler, transit-time)
- Coriolis mass flow meter
- Turbine flow meter
- Vortex flow meter
- Weir flow meter / Parshall flume
- Nozzle flow meter / Annubar flow meter
- Manometer (U-tube, inclined, single-tube, well-type,
digital)
- Liquid flow bench / Fluid dynamics rig (including minor
loss, pipe friction, Reynolds apparatus, Bernoulli’s theorem apparatus)
- Multi-tank liquid level system
- Vacuum ejector / Steam ejector / Eductor / Jet pump
- Decanter / Phase separator (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid,
three-phase)
Additional lab rigs: Cavitation demonstration unit,
open-channel flow apparatus, multiphase flow visualization rig.
### 2. Heat Transfer Equipment
Video 2 focus: Exchangers, evaporators, boilers, and energy
recovery systems.
- Shell and tube heat exchanger (fixed tube sheet, floating
head, U-tube, Kettle reboiler type, Bayonet type)
- Plate heat exchanger (gasketed, welded, semi-welded,
brazed)
- Double-pipe (hairpin) heat exchanger
- Spiral heat exchanger
- Finned-tube heat exchanger (air coolers, economizers)
- Scraped surface heat exchanger (for viscous/pasty
fluids)
- Microchannel heat exchanger
- Condenser (total, partial, reflux, air-cooled,
plate-fin)
- Reboiler (kettle, thermosyphon: vertical, horizontal;
forced circulation)
- Single-effect evaporator (and multi-effect evaporator:
forward feed, backward feed, parallel feed)
- Falling film evaporator / Rising film evaporator
- Forced circulation evaporator
- Agitated thin-film evaporator (ATFE)
- Wiped film evaporator / Short path distiller
- Boiler / Steam generator (fire-tube, water-tube, waste
heat boiler)
- Cooling tower (natural draft, forced draft, induced draft,
crossflow, counterflow)
- Heat pipe (thermosiphon, capillary-wick)
- Furnace (direct-fired heater, indirect-fired heater,
reformer furnace)
- Stirred tank heater / Jacketed vessel / Immersion
heater
- Electric resistance heater / Cartridge heater / Radiant
heater
- Solar collector (flat plate, evacuated tube)
- Finned heat sinks / Regenerative heat exchanger
- Steam trap, condensate return system, and flash
vessel
Additional: Plate-fin heat exchanger, thermosyphon reboiler
test rig.
### 3. Mass Transfer & Separation Equipment
Video 3 focus: Distillation, absorption, extraction, drying,
filtration, and membrane systems.
- Distillation column (tray: bubble-cap, sieve, valve,
dual-flow; packed column: random packing, structured packing)
- Extractive distillation column
- Azeotropic distillation column / Dean-Stark apparatus
- Absorption column / Packed tower / Scrubber (wet: venturi,
spray, packed bed; dry: fabric filter, activated carbon)
- Stripping column (steam stripping, air stripping)
- Liquid-liquid extraction column (pulsed, rotating disc,
packed) / Mixer-settler extractor / Centrifugal extractor (Podbielniak)
- Adsorption column / Fixed-bed adsorber (PSA, TSA,
VSA)
- Ion exchange column (fixed-bed, moving-bed)
- Tray dryer / Tunnel dryer / Cabinet dryer / Vacuum tray
dryer
- Rotary dryer / Drum dryer (direct, indirect) / Paddle
dryer
- Spray dryer (co-current, counter-current) / Flash
dryer
- Fluidized bed dryer / Spouted bed dryer
- Vacuum dryer / Freeze dryer (lyophilizer) / Agitated pan
dryer
- Rotary kilns (for calcination, drying, reaction)
- Crystallizer (cooling, evaporative, vacuum, Oslo/MSMPR,
DTB draft-tube baffle)
- Plate and frame filter press / Belt filter press
- Rotary vacuum
drum filter / Leaf filter / Cartridge filter / Bag filter / Nutsche filter /
Candle filter
- Centrifuge (basket, tubular bowl, disc-stack, decanter,
pusher, peeler)
- Cyclone separator (axial flow, reverse flow) /
Hydrocyclone
- Electrostatic precipitator (plate, tubular) / Wet
electrostatic precipitator
- Baghouse filter / Fabric filter
- Membrane module (reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration,
nanofiltration, microfiltration, electrodialysis, forward osmosis, membrane
distillation)
- Gas permeation / Pervaporation unit
- Leaching / Solid-liquid extraction unit (percolation,
agitation, countercurrent multistage) / Soxhlet extractor
- Thickeners / Clarifiers / Sedimentation tanks
Additional: Vacuum filtration unit (Buchner funnel, filter
leaf), pressure leaf filter.
### 4. Reactor & Reaction Engineering Equipment
Video 4 focus: Batch to continuous, catalytic, and
biochemical reactors.
- Batch reactor (simple, adiabatic, isothermal,
non-isothermal)
- Semi-batch reactor
- Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) (single,
cascade)
- Plug flow reactor (PFR) / Tubular reactor (isothermal,
adiabatic, jacketed)
- Packed bed reactor (PBR) / Fixed-bed reactor
- Fluidized bed reactor (bubbling, turbulent, circulating) /
Gas-solid fluidized bed reactor
- Trickle bed reactor / Slurry reactor / Bubble column
reactor
- Loop reactor
- Microreactor / Microfluidic reactor / Flow chemistry
system
- Photoreactor (UV reactor) / Photocatalytic reactor
- Bioreactor / Fermenter (stirred tank, air-lift, packed
bed, fluidized bed, membrane bioreactor)
- Catalytic reactor / Catalytic converter (monolith, packed
bed)
- Autoclave (high-pressure, high-temperature)
- Membrane reactor / Electrochemical reactor (fuel cells,
electrolyzers, redox flow batteries)
- Plasma reactor / Supercritical fluid reactor
- Oscillatory baffled reactor (COBR) / Spinning disc
reactor
- Sonochemical reactor / Ultrasound reactor
- Chemostat / Turbidostat / Perfusion bioreactor /
Single-use bioreactor (SUB) / Hollow-fiber bioreactor
Additional: Microwave reactor, trickle-bed reactor for
hydrogenation, biofilm reactor.
### 5. Mechanical Operations & Solid Handling Equipment
Video 5 focus: Size reduction, mixing, conveying, and size
enlargement.
- Jaw crusher / Roll crusher / Cone crusher / Gyratory
crusher
- Ball mill / Hammer mill / Rod mill / Attrition mill /
Fluid energy mill (jet mill) / Pin disc mill / Cutter mill
- Vibrating screen / Sieve shaker / Trommel screen / Air
classifier
- Ribbon blender / V-cone blender / Double cone blender /
Noodle blender / Sigma blade mixer / Planetary mixer
- Agitated vessel / Mixer (paddle, turbine, propeller,
anchor, helical ribbon)
- High-shear mixer / Rotor-stator mixer / Homogenizer /
Static mixer
- Screw conveyor / Belt conveyor / Vibratory conveyor /
Bucket elevator / Pneumatic conveyor (dilute/dense phase)
- Granulator (fluidized bed, high-shear, spray) / Pelletizer
(die-type, extrusion-type) / Disc pelletizer
- Size enlargement equipment (tableting press, briquetting
machine, roller compactor)
- Storage Silo / Hopper / Rotary valve feeder
- Bagging machine / Filling machine
- Twin-screw extruder (for polymers/compounding)
Additional: Roller mill, disc mill.
### 6. Process Instrumentation & Control Devices
Video 6 focus: Sensors, transmitters, controllers, and
automation.
- Pressure gauge (Bourdon tube, diaphragm, bellows, digital)
/ Pressure transmitter / Differential pressure transmitter
- Temperature sensor: Thermocouple (Type K, J, T), RTD
(Pt100), thermistor, bimetallic, infrared pyrometer / Radiation pyrometer /
Non-contact IR sensor
- Level indicator (sight glass, float-type, ultrasonic,
radar FMCW/pulsed, capacitance, differential pressure, nuclear gamma) / Level
switch
- pH meter / pH transmitter / ORP meter / Conductivity meter
/ Resistivity meter
- Viscosity meter / Viscometer (rotational, capillary,
falling ball) / Rheometer
- Density meter (vibrating U-tube, pycnometer)
- Humidity sensor / Psychrometer
- Gas analyzer (paramagnetic O₂, IR CO/CO₂, thermal
conductivity) / Process NIR analyzer
- Chromatograph (on-line process GC) / Turbidimeter /
Suspended solids meter
- Control valve actuator (pneumatic diaphragm/piston,
electric motor/solenoid, hydraulic) / Valve positioner / I/P & P/I
converter
- PID controller (digital, analog) / PLC / DCS demo rig /
HMI / SCADA interface
- Feedback, cascade, feedforward, ratio, and multivariable
control loops
- Data acquisition system / Fieldbus devices (HART,
Profibus, Foundation Fieldbus, WirelessHART)
- Flow switch, pressure switch, temperature switch, smart
transmitters
### 7. Analytical & Specialized Instruments
Video 7 focus: Lab and online analysis tools.
- UV-Vis spectrophotometer
- Gas chromatograph (GC) with FID, TCD, ECD, MS
- High-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) with UV, RI,
fluorescence, MS
- Mass spectrometer (GC-MS, LC-MS, ICP-MS)
- Particle size analyzer (laser diffraction, dynamic light
scattering, image analysis)
- Zeta potential analyzer / Surface area analyzer (BET) /
Porosimeter (mercury intrusion)
- Turbidimeter / Nephelometer / Moisture analyzer (Karl
Fischer, loss on drying)
- Flash point analyzer / Refractometer / Polarimeter
- Calorimeter (bomb, DSC) / Rheometer (cone-and-plate,
parallel plate)
- Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) / X-ray diffractometer
(XRD)
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometer
- Electrochemical workstation
(potentiostat/galvanostat)
- Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) / ICP-OES
- FTIR spectrometer / Raman spectrometer / NIR
spectrometer
- Ion chromatograph (IC) / Capillary electrophoresis
- ELISA microplate reader / Ultrasonic atomizer
### 8. Specialized, Biochemical, Environmental &
Advanced/Niche Apparatus
Video 8+ focus: Integration, pilot plants, safety, and
emerging tech (great for capstone or advanced series).
- Heat pipe thermal transfer device
- Multi-effect evaporator test rig / Gas absorption with
chemical reaction unit
- Reverse osmosis / Membrane filtration pilot plant
- Fuel cell (PEMFC, SOFC) / Electrolyzer (alkaline,
PEM)
- Incinerator / Thermal oxidizer / Rotary kiln
incinerator
- Gasifier (fixed-bed, fluidized-bed, entrained-flow) /
Pyrolysis reactor
- Bag filter test rig / Electrostatic precipitator demo
- Vacuum filtration unit / Supercritical fluid extraction
(SFE) unit
- Solid-liquid extraction unit / Dean-Stark trap /
Azeotropic distillation setup
- Crystallization unit with in-situ particle imaging
- Anaerobic digester / Biofilm reactor
- Flotation cell / Magnetic separator
- Environmental additions: Sedimentation basin,
flocculation/coagulation tank, trickling filter, rotating biological contactor,
activated sludge aeration tank, constructed wetland model, air stripper, carbon
capture amine unit, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) demo
- Biochemical additions: Mammalian cell culture bioreactor,
downstream chromatography skid (affinity/ion-exchange), ultrafiltration
concentration system, Kjeldahl digestion apparatus
- Advanced/process additions: Continuous manufacturing pilot
skid (flow chemistry), 3D-printed modular reactor, high-pressure hydrogenation
reactor, integrated biodiesel/ethanol fermentation pilot plant
- Safety/utility: Flame arrestor, pressure safety relief
system, emergency shutdown demo rig, fume hood / Biosafety cabinet
YouTube Presentation Tips (for the series):
- Use 3D animations or CAD models for internal
workings.
- Show P&ID symbols next to each real apparatus.
- Include cost, scale-up challenges, and sustainability
notes (e.g., energy recovery, fouling).
- End each video with a “how it fits in a real plant”
segment.